Miami Vice (1984 - 1989) Miami Vice is the iconic 80's television crime drama that starred Don Johnson and Philip Michael Thomas as detectives in the Miami-Dade Police Department who work undercover to root out the criminal elements working throughout the city. The series broke new ground in television for its visual style as well as its ... Feb 2, 2022 · On September 28, 1984, 'Miami Vice' made its premiere on NBC, and a new kind of cop show was born. The series also kickstarted the careers of dozens of soon-to-be stars. item 6 Miami Vice: The Complete TV Series Blu-Ray 20-Disc Set Seasons 1-5 New Sealed Miami Vice: The Complete TV Series Blu-Ray 20-Disc Set Seasons 1-5 New Sealed $59.99 Free shippingWhether you’re looking to immerse yourself in culture or bury yourself in the sand, read on for the 10 best things to do in Miami. Topping any list of 10 things to do in Miami is s...Summaries. -Resplendent with authentic 1980s music, fashion, and vibe, "Miami Vice" follows two undercover detectives and their extended team through the mean streets of Miami, Florida. -James "Sonny" Crockett and Ricardo "Rico" Tubbs are undercover Miami police detectives. Their world is the sordid yet distinctly high-flying and glamorous ...Miami Vice (TV Series 1984–1989) photos, including production stills, premiere photos and other event photos, publicity photos, behind-the-scenes, and more. Menu. Movies. Release Calendar Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Browse Movies by Genre Top Box Office Showtimes & Tickets Movie News India Movie Spotlight. Don Johnson. Donald Wayne Johnson (born December 15, 1949) is an American actor, producer and singer. He played the role of James "Sonny" Crockett in the 1980s television series Miami Vice, for which he won a Golden Globe, and received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for his work in the role. Sep 22, 2022 ... Crockett (Don Johnson) & Tubbs (Philip Michael Thomas) take on their final case in the series finale to Miami Vice. From Miami Vice Season 5 ... Don Johnson. Donald Wayne Johnson (born December 15, 1949) is an American actor, producer and singer. He played the role of James "Sonny" Crockett in the 1980s television series Miami Vice, for which he won a Golden Globe, and received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for his work in the role. Set against the seamy and steamy South Florida underworld, "Miami Vice" is an iconic Emmy-winning series that set the standard for style and sophistication for all future crime dramas. Drama 1984. Starring Don …Jan 2, 2022 · Here's why the groundbreaking series Miami Vice was canceled, and if it will ever return someday. Miami Vice arrived in 1984 on NBC and cast Don Johnson and Philip Michael Thomas as undercover cops Crockett and Tubbs. While police procedurals were hardly a new concept back in the 1980s, Miami Vice's style and tone were unlike anything seen on ... Miami Vice - The Complete Series About The Film . Go undercover with James "Sonny" Crockett (Don Johnson) and Ricardo Tubbs (Phillip Michael Thomas), two of the Vice Department's coolest cops, as they take on the scum in Miami's steamy underworld. Filled with action, guest stars, and featuring the hottest soundtrack with …Apr 11, 2021 ... Hello everyone! Some of you may know I am a huge Miami Vice fan. Recently I found the complete series on sale and decided to upgrade my ... Share your videos with friends, family, and the world GTA Vice City is a legendary video game that has captured the hearts of gamers for decades. Released in 2002, it is the sixth installment in the Grand Theft Auto series and is set ...Welcome to the Official Miami Vice Channel on YouTube! Join the iconic vice cop duo Crockett and Tubbs as they take you onto the mean streets of Miami, Flori...Fri, Nov 21, 1986. The team learns of a baby selling ring when one of the children's mother comes to Miami looking for her child. The trail leads them to a sleazy lawyer. When the lawyer manages to tie up any loose ends, they decide …The Gambler, Part Iii: The Legend Continues TV-14 | 1 SEASON. The Gambler V: Playing For Keeps TV-14 | 1 SEASON. STARZ brings diverse perspectives to life through bold storytelling. Sign-up to stream original series, movies, extras, and …May 23, 2015 ... Check out this scene from the Season 1 Episode, "Lombard," and watch full episodes for free on NBC.com!The 1980s police drama Miami Vice is widely recognized for its bold fashion choices and its influence on popular culture. The show’s main characters, Detectives Sonny Crockett and Ricardo Tubbs, revolutionized fashion with ground-breaking styles that where so typical for the series.Aug 18, 2023 · When Miami Vice debuted in 1984, the real city of Miami wasn't as glamorous and flashy. According to the Miami Herald, the city was recovering from riots and struggling to house a large number of ... S5.E6 ∙ Line of Fire. Fri, Dec 16, 1988. A drug kingpin on trial for murder puts a million dollar contract out on a punk rocker who is the star witness for the prosecution. The FBI want Crockett and Tubbs to safe house the witness, but keeping him alive is going to be a challenge. 2. SONNY CROCKETT WASN'T THE FIRST SONNY CROCKETT. Prior to Miami Vice, Yerkovich was a writer and producer on Hill Street Blues. In 1983, a year before Miami Vice ’s premiere, actor Dennis ...If you’re looking for a luxurious vacation spot, look no further than Fontainebleau Miami. This iconic hotel has been a staple in Miami Beach since 1954 and continues to be one of ...In all, Miami Vice’s season one was nominated for 15 Emmys, including Best Drama Series, and won four: for art direction, cinematography, sound editing, and best supporting actor (for Olmos).Miami Vice: Created by Anthony Yerkovich. With Don Johnson, Philip Michael Thomas, Saundra Santiago, Olivia Brown. -Resplendent with authentic 1980s music, fashion, and vibe, "Miami Vice" follows two undercover detectives and their extended team through the mean streets of Miami, Florida.5.0 out of 5 stars Miami Vice series. Reviewed in the United States on February 21, 2023. I got this as a gift which I cherish,now I have seen every episode beforehand more than once and as a kid in the 80s watching MTV recall it vividly. The series set has uncut episodes no special features no subtitles sadly. ... 5.0 out of 5 stars Miami Vice ...Miami Vice. Don Johnson was ready to leave the show at the end of its second season, and the studio lined up Mark Harmon or Treat Williams to take over the role of Sonny Crockett. The only one not happy with this solution was executive producer Michael Mann, who convinced Johnson to stay on. As a result, Johnson became the best paid actor in ...-James "Sonny" Crockett and Ricardo "Rico" Tubbs are undercover Miami police detectives. Their world is the sordid yet distinctly high-flying and glamorous world of drug dealers. To fit in they need to look and act the part: flashy cars, trendy clothes, glamorous women.Aug 9, 2020 ... 1989's finale titled Freefall, was loosely based on the exploits if Manuel Noriega and meant originally intended as a 2 Hour special, instead ...Whether you’re looking to immerse yourself in culture or bury yourself in the sand, read on for the 10 best things to do in Miami. Topping any list of 10 things to do in Miami is s...Miami Vice - Where to Watch and Stream - TV Guide. 1984 -2006. 5 Seasons. NBC. Drama, Action & Adventure. TV14. Watchlist. A hip, MTV-tinged drama about a pair of …When Miami Vice debuted in 1984, the real city of Miami wasn't as glamorous and flashy. According to the Miami Herald, the city was recovering from riots and struggling to house a large number of ...When Miami Vice debuted in 1984, the real city of Miami wasn't as glamorous and flashy. According to the Miami Herald, the city was recovering from riots and struggling to house a large number of ...While Miami Vice's cross-episode continuity was often affected by network tampering, producer Michael Mann's other 1980s television series, Crime Story, had no such problems, largely because NBC executives were made aware from the start that it featured a single plot arc that stretched across its entire production, necessitating a fixed ...Pamela Suzette "Pam" Grier (born May 26, 1949) is an American actress. She appeared in the show Miami Vice as Valerie Gordon, a NYPD Detective and on-again, off-again love of Ricardo "Rico" Tubbs in the episodes "Rites of Passage", "The Prodigal Son", and "Too Much, Too Late". Grier was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, daughter of a nurse …La cadena NBC está trabajando con el actor estadounidense Vin Diesel en un remake de la popular serie "MIAMI VICE". En el proyecto también está involucrado C...Miami Vice. Crockett and Tubbs stake out a drug dealer, an investigation that is being helped along by an ex-cop that seems to know a bit too much about the case. Crockett finds out first hand about Charlie Basset as a violent drug runner with an enticing wife that Sonny just can't get out of his mind.No Exit ( Miami Vice) No Exit (. Miami Vice. ) "' No Exit " is the seventh episode of the first season of the American police procedural television series Miami Vice. It premiered on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) on November 9, 1984. The episode was written by Charles R. Leinenweber and Maurice Hurley, and directed by David Soul.Fri, Nov 29, 1985. Gina's cleaning woman gets raped in Gina's home by the spoiled son of a wealthy man, who thinks he's above the law. Despite evidence being circumstantial, Gina wants to have the man arrested. Izzy steals Switek and Zito's bug van.Season 1. Episodes (21) S1 E1 | 09/16/84. Pilot/Brother's Keeper. Two very different vice detectives go after a Colombian drug kingpin. S1 E2 | 09/28/84. Heart Of Darkness. Crockett and Tubbs...Series Regular. • Two VIP admission tickets to the paddock events (all three days). $400 Value • Two SPONSOR Limited Edition 40th Anniversary Reunion t-shirts. • 10% off Tickets to VIP dinner with the attending cast and crew of Miami Vice at the Colony Hotel, with VIP Seating. • Special mention/special thanks listed on the website and ...He was an original member of the pioneering fusion group Mahavishnu Orchestra and an early adopter of the Mini Moog synthesizer. He recorded with the likes of Elvin Jones, Jeff Beck, and Mick Jagger, releasing 10 solo or group albums that blurred the line between jazz and rock. But it was Hammer's work on the '80s TV series Miami Vice that ...While Miami Vice's cross-episode continuity was often affected by network tampering, producer Michael Mann's other 1980s television series, Crime Story, had no such problems, largely because NBC executives were made aware from the start that it featured a single plot arc that stretched across its entire production, necessitating a fixed ...Looking for Miami puppies for sale can be a daunting task, especially if you’re not familiar with the area or the breeders. However, finding a reputable breeder is crucial to ensur... Miami Vice. 1984 -2006. 5 Seasons. NBC. Drama, Action & Adventure. TV14. Watchlist. A hip, MTV-tinged drama about a pair of high-style detectives that added neon and attitude to the genre and drew ... Miami Vice The Complete Series DVD Set 20 Disc Brand New Sealed. Brand New · DVD · Miami Vice: the Complete Series. 203 product ratings. $34.88. Extra 10% off with coupon. or Best Offer. Top Rated Plus. +$5.42 shipping. twogreatadventurers (2,600) 100%.Miami is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the United States. With its vibrant culture, beautiful beaches, and exciting nightlife, it’s no wonder why so many people f...The following is an episode list for the 1980s undercover cop …Discover 26 unforgettable Miami Vice quotes from the iconic TV series. Relive the thrilling moments and iconic dialogue that made Miami Vice a pop culture phenomenon. From Crockett and Tubbs’ witty banter to profound insights on crime and justice, these quotes capture the essence of the show’s stylish and gritty world. Miami Vice. Miami Vice centers around the unlikely partnership of Sonny Crockett (Don Johnson) and Ricardo Tubbs (Philip Michael Thomas), two undercover detectives from the Miami Police Department’s vice squad battling against drug trafficking and prostitution in the city’s seamy underworld. Its use of New Wave music and colorful Italian ... 1 Oak Studios. If you’ve ever seen the hit 1980s TV show “ Miami Vice,” you might recognize this elegant 1920s home that’s now for sale for just under $30 million. …Miami Vice is a 2006 action crime film written, directed, and co-produced by Michael Mann.An adaptation of the 1980s television series of the same name, of which Mann was an executive producer, it stars Colin Farrell as James "Sonny" Crockett and Jamie Foxx as Ricardo "Rico" Tubbs, MDPD detectives who go undercover to fight drug trafficking …(64) 64 product ratings - Miami Vice The Complete TV Series (Blu-ray, 20-Disc Set, Seasons 1-5) New. $59.99. Free shipping. Only 1 left! Miami Vice TV Series ~ Season 1 & Season 2 is BRAND NEW. $14.99. $6.00 shipping. Miami Vice Season 2 and Season 3 DVD sets. $9.75. $4.67 shipping. Miami Vice Seasons 1, 2, 3, And 4 USED.Discover 26 unforgettable Miami Vice quotes from the iconic TV series. Relive the thrilling moments and iconic dialogue that made Miami Vice a pop culture phenomenon. From Crockett and Tubbs’ witty banter to profound insights on crime and justice, these quotes capture the essence of the show’s stylish and gritty world.Set against the seamy and steamy South Florida underworld, "Miami Vice" is an iconic Emmy-winning series that set the standard for style and sophistication for all future crime dramas. Drama 1984. Starring Don …Miami Vice. Season 3. Take a ride on the dangerous side with the action-packed third season of one of the most innovative and powerful TV series of its time, Miami Vice! Go deep undercover with vice cops Sonny Crockett (Don Johnson) and Rico Tubbs (Philip Michael Thomas) as they infiltrate drug rings, stop human traffickers, and take their ... Join the iconic vice cop duo Crockett and Tubbs as they take you onto the mean streets of Miami, Florida. Subscribe for the most explosive moments from the classic series here: https://bit.ly/2Gj57dR Sep 20, 2023 · Stream It Or Skip It: 'Tokyo Vice' on HBO Max, Where An Expat Reporter Investigates A Crime Boss In The Japanese Metropolis. By Johnny Loftus April 7, 2022, 2:30 p.m. ET. Ansel Elgort and Ken ... Mar 1, 2023 · Miami Vice feels like the real start of colour TV with pioneering visual and sound narratives. young Bruce Willis (left) in Miami Vice // Credit: NBC Although having great popularity during its day and being a beloved document of 80’s society and culture, Miami Vice fell into obscurity being unfairly pigeonholed as the face of the decade’s ... Jack Crockett (cousin, series) Nationality. American. Date of birth. ( 1953-07-29) July 29, 1953. Detective James "Sonny" Crockett is a fictional character in the NBC television series Miami Vice. Crockett was originally portrayed by Don Johnson in the television series from 1984 to 1990, and later by Colin Farrell in the feature film in 2006.Miami Vice is an upcoming 2020s television series to be executive produced by none other than Vin Diesel for the NBC network. The project, a reboot of the original 1980s TV series, has been in development for several months as of early 2018 and is being spearheaded by Shana Waterman, the former Fox Broadcasting executive who now serves as head of …The Official Miami Vice Music Site. The definitive collection of Jan Hammer's music from the classic Miami Vice series is testament to the visionary musical approach which helped define a television landmark. -. Jan Hammer is a product of diverse locales. Born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, he began his musical journey at the age of four as a piano ...This article is about the character from the television series. For the movie rendition, see Castillo (Film). Detective Lieutenant Martin "Marty" Castillo (born 1947) is an officer with the Metro-Dade Police Department and the commander of the Organized Crime Bureau, Vice Division. Castillo is a former agent for the Drug Enforcement Administration, …The only real Ferrari 365 GTB/4 Daytona to appear in Miami Vice came in the series opener, on screen for less than ten seconds. Throughout the rest of the first two seasons, Crockett’s Ferrari Daytona was a replica, a C3 Corvette to be exact. The first of these replica’s was built by Tom McBernie of McBernie Coachcraft under the auspices of …Mar 30, 2016 · Instead, the series’ massive budget was dedicated to its soundtrack, costume, and production design—those little details that, all taken together, helped establish Miami Vice as a new kind of ... Fri, Nov 29, 1985. Gina's cleaning woman gets raped in Gina's home by the spoiled son of a wealthy man, who thinks he's above the law. Despite evidence being circumstantial, Gina wants to have the man arrested. Izzy steals Switek and Zito's bug van. Miami Vice é uma série de televisão americana de drama policial criada por Anthony Yerkovich e produzida por Michael Mann para a NBC. [ 1] A série é estrelada por Don Johnson como James "Sonny" Crockett e Philip Michael Thomas como Ricardo "Rico" Tubbs, dois detetives do Departamento de Polícia de Metro-Dade que trabalham disfarçados em ... TV Series (1984-1990). 5 Seasons. 111 Episodes. Miami Vice was one of the most innovative and powerful TV series of all time, focusing on the Miami Metro-Dade police "Vice" department and it`s continued battle against the illicit drug, prostitution, and firearms crime underworld of the city of Miami. 1985: Golden Globes: Best Drama Actor ...Miami Vice fue una de las series más importantes de los años 80. Protagonizada por Don Johnson y Philip Michael Thomas, se emitió entre 1984 y 1989 y acumuló un total de 5 temporadas y 111 ...NBC. This Season 1 episode features special guest star William Russ as the title character, a rogue ATF agent with a death wish. As it turns out, Evan is wracked with …Miami Vice is the iconic 80's television crime drama that starred Don Johnson and Philip Michael Thomas as detectives in the Miami-Dade Police Department who work undercover to root out the criminal elements working throughout the city. The series broke new ground in television for its visual style as well as its innovative use of popular music in each …Character Discussion. This forum gives you a chance to post questions or remarks about Miami Vice Characters. Happy Posting! 518. posts. Crockett and Football. By BroganGordon, Monday at 10:44 AM. Everything you need to know about Miami Vice!Aug 16, 2014 ... Up until this series there was nothing to parallel the fusion of music, coolness and outstanding videography. I have never forgot the day that I ...Mar 1, 2023 · Miami Vice feels like the real start of colour TV with pioneering visual and sound narratives. young Bruce Willis (left) in Miami Vice // Credit: NBC Although having great popularity during its day and being a beloved document of 80’s society and culture, Miami Vice fell into obscurity being unfairly pigeonholed as the face of the decade’s ... The Miami Vice logo. Miami Vice is a 1984 television series produced by Michael Mann for the NBC network. The show became noted for its heavy integration of pop music and visual effects to tell a story. The series starred Don Johnson and Philip Michael Thomas as two Metro-Dade (now known as Miami-Dade) Vice detectives working undercover in ... Miami Vice is a 2006 action crime film written, directed, and co-produced by Michael Mann.An adaptation of the 1980s television series of the same name, of which Mann was an executive producer, it stars Colin Farrell as James "Sonny" Crockett and Jamie Foxx as Ricardo "Rico" Tubbs, MDPD detectives who go undercover to fight drug trafficking …Jan 2, 2022 · Here's why the groundbreaking series Miami Vice was canceled, and if it will ever return someday. Miami Vice arrived in 1984 on NBC and cast Don Johnson and Philip Michael Thomas as undercover cops Crockett and Tubbs. While police procedurals were hardly a new concept back in the 1980s, Miami Vice's style and tone were unlike anything seen on ... Feb 2, 2022 · On September 28, 1984, 'Miami Vice' made its premiere on NBC, and a new kind of cop show was born. The series also kickstarted the careers of dozens of soon-to-be stars. Miami Vice. 63 videos 400,710 views Last updated on Jun 13, 2023. Play all. Shuffle. 1. 5:29. Crockett Meets Tubbs For The First Time | Miami Vice. Miami Vice. •. 879K views …Miami Vice. Jamie Foxx and Colin Farrell go deep undercover in this action-packed film about two detectives, Ricardo Tubbs and Sonny Crockett, who are pulled into the lethal world of drug traffickers. 2,787 IMDb 6.1 2 h 6 min 2006.A cover version by Nonpoint was later used in the Miami Vice film, one of the few direct connections between the movie and the original series. Notes [] "In the Air Tonight" is one of 11 songs that were reused in more than one episode of Miami Vice. The song was included on the soundtrack albums Miami Vice and The Best of Miami Vice in 1989.Here's why the groundbreaking series Miami Vice was canceled, and if it will ever return someday. Miami Vice arrived in 1984 on NBC and cast Don Johnson and Philip Michael Thomas as undercover cops Crockett and Tubbs. While police procedurals were hardly a new concept back in the 1980s, Miami Vice's style and tone were unlike …Apr 19, 2022 · In the penultimate episode of Season 1, Crockett encounters Evan Freed ( William Russ ), a former buddy from the Academy. Together, they once maintained a close friendship with fellow officer Mike ... When you’re looking for a place to stay in Miami, it can be hard to know where to start. With so many options available, it can be difficult to find the right fit. The first step i...Miami Vice. 5 Seasons 1984 TV-14. Crime, Drama, and more. 7.5 75%. Add to Watchlist. -James "Sonny" Crockett and Ricardo "Rico" Tubbs are undercover Miami police … Available on iTunes. Emmy-nominee Don Johnson and Philip Michael Thomas are Crockett and Tubbs, two mismatched vice detectives who team up to catch drug smugglers in Miami. Set against the seamy and steamy South Florida underworld, "Miami Vice" is an iconic Emmy-winning series that set the standard for style and sophistication for all future ... Tokyo Vice: Created by J.T. Rogers. With Ansel Elgort, Ken Watanabe, Rachel Keller, Shô Kasamatsu. A Western journalist working for a publication in Tokyo takes on one of the city's most powerful crime bosses.Miami Vice: Created by Anthony Yerkovich. With Don Johnson, Philip Michael Thomas, Saundra Santiago, Olivia Brown. -Resplendent with authentic 1980s music, fashion, and vibe, "Miami Vice" follows two undercover detectives and their extended team through the mean streets of Miami, Florida. Miami Vice. 5 Seasons 1984 TV-14. Crime, Drama, and more. 7.5 75%. Add to Watchlist. -James "Sonny" Crockett and Ricardo "Rico" Tubbs are undercover Miami police detectives. Their world is the sordid yet distinctly high-flying and glamorous world of drug dealers. To fit in they need to look and act the part: flashy cars, trendy clothes ... 1 Oak Studios. If you’ve ever seen the hit 1980s TV show “ Miami Vice,” you might recognize this elegant 1920s home that’s now for sale for just under $30 million. …
Miami Vice has one of the greatest title tracks of any 1980's tv show. What's your favourite intro? Watch Full Episodes of Miami Vice Here: https://www.justw.... Earthlink. net
Miami Vice. Miami Vice centers around the unlikely partnership of Sonny Crockett (Don Johnson) and Ricardo Tubbs (Philip Michael Thomas), two undercover detectives from the Miami Police Department’s vice squad battling against drug trafficking and prostitution in the city’s seamy underworld. Its use of New Wave music and colorful Italian ...Sep 28, 2014 ... Yerkovich, who wrote the pilot episode, a two-hour NBC movie that aired 12 days before the series started on Sept.28, said he thought “that must ...“Miami Vice” is often considered one of the most influential TV series in history, and Don Johnson, who portrayed James “Sonny” Crockett, is responsible for it. Advertisement Several aspects of the show, which aired from September 1984 to January 1990, became pop culture icons , including the music used on the episodes (they even ...Miami Vice. 1990. TV-14. Action · Drama · Crime. From executive producer Michael Mann comes the explosive, groundbreaking detective show that redefined the word "cool” in …The Official Miami Vice Music Site. The definitive collection of Jan Hammer's music from the classic Miami Vice series is testament to the visionary musical approach which helped define a television landmark. -. Jan Hammer is a product of diverse locales. Born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, he began his musical journey at the age of four as a piano ...After five successful seasons of kick-butt policing, "Miami Vice" aired its series finale on May 21, 1989. Now, 30 years later, Wonderwall.com is checking up on the cast of the hit TV crime drama ...Series Regular. • Two VIP admission tickets to the paddock events (all three days). $400 Value • Two SPONSOR Limited Edition 40th Anniversary Reunion t-shirts. • 10% off Tickets to VIP dinner with the attending cast and crew of Miami Vice at the Colony Hotel, with VIP Seating. • Special mention/special thanks listed on the website and ...Vin Diesel And His Production Company Announced A Miami Vice Reboot In 2017. Vin Diesel's production company One Race Television was confirmed to be behind a reboot of Miami Vice in 2017, according to Variety. Diesel's company was partnering with Chris Morgan Productions on the series, with Morgan having penned multiple Fast & …Medicine Matters Sharing successes, challenges and daily happenings in the Department of Medicine We have launched our new Department of Medicine Vice Chair SharePoint. This site w...Share your videos with friends, family, and the worldDiscover 26 unforgettable Miami Vice quotes from the iconic TV series. Relive the thrilling moments and iconic dialogue that made Miami Vice a pop culture phenomenon. From Crockett and Tubbs’ witty banter to profound insights on crime and justice, these quotes capture the essence of the show’s stylish and gritty world.According to the 25th Amendment of the Constitution, if the vice president of the United States dies while the president is still in office, the president has the power to appoint ...Aug 9, 2020 ... 1989's finale titled Freefall, was loosely based on the exploits if Manuel Noriega and meant originally intended as a 2 Hour special, instead ....