2024 Gang graffiti in chicago

In Chicago, graffiti is getting harder and harder to find. For decades, gang members and other vandals would paint messages, mark their territory, declare their power, disrespect their rivals or fo…. Watami hibachi steak house photos

The generous collection of faded photographs of gang members in varsity gear, graffiti—which Haden-Guest claims came to Chicago before New York—and patches, comes from the archive of Jinx O’Connor, “a Chicagoan who has been looking at the gangs up close since late adolescence.”. Haden-Guest notes that “like so much else …Nov 27, 2023 · Swastika found in gang symbol at suburban Chicago pizzeria 01:55. SKOKIE, Ill. (CBS) --An investigation is underway in the north suburbs.Police said a vandal drew a swastika on the storefront of a ... With a strict set of rules, dispute-mediating mechanisms, and exclusively Latino membership, SGD was driven by the urgent need to control bloodshed on the streets. By 1990, murders had hit ...Section 7-28-065 of the Municipal Code of Chicago describes graffiti as an inscription, drawing, mark, or design that is etched, painted, sprayed, or drawn directly upon the exterior of any building or other structure and is visible from the public way. ... Murals will not be registered if they contain known gang symbols or depict an ...Dispatches from the graffiti wars. By Chicago Tribune | Chicago Tribune. PUBLISHED: December 13, 2001 at 1:00 a.m. | UPDATED: August 20, 2021 at 10:33 a.m. Eyes scanning the underbrush for cops ...Seti. Category. Symbolism. Gang graffiti symbols and their meanings are a complex and mysterious world that reveals the inner workings and hierarchies of different …CHICAGO, IL — A mural dubbed as a "Gateway to Peace" in the works by elementary school students at the viaduct in between 58th and 59th streets on Damen Avenue was tagged with gang graffiti just ...The Chicago Cubs, one of the most iconic and beloved teams in Major League Baseball, have a rich history filled with historic rivalries that have shaped the team’s identity and fan...Latin Counts and Morgan Deuces were some of the hardest, craziest, and toughest gangs in Pilsen. Both gangs scooped up some of the toughest guys in the neighborhood right away. 1959 was a very significant for Chicago gang history on the streets of Pilsen. Not only did the Latin Count name begin that year and the formation of the Morgan Deuces ...City-Data Forum > U.S. Forums > Illinois > Chicago: Gang Graffiti in Lakeview (Chicago, Clifton: neighborhood, school, gangs) User Name: Remember Me: Password Please register to participate in our discussions with 2 million other members - it's free and quick! Some forums can only be seen by registered members. ...Art in the Streets was the first extensive survey of the history of graffiti and street art to be presented in an American museum. The exhibition took place at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles from April 17 to August 8, 2011. ... Gang life further evolved after the Los Angeles riots of 1943, ... Chicago 213, 1953. Chicano wall ...Artist Credit: Cyd Smillie. Location: 1813 W. 63rd St., Chicago, IL 60636. DCASE is creating a formal process that will allow city partners and property owners to add new murals to the registry. This The Mural Registry catalogues Chicago’s collection of murals, and includes a growing list of completed murals created on private and public ...In Chicago, graffiti comes into its own as public art precedes major building developments. By Matthew Messner • December 19, 2016 • Art, Development, Midwest. Graffiti in Chicago is not ...Based on the original Chicago gang research website, Compliments of Chicagohoodz analyzes the unique visual language and graphics of the city's street gangs, drawing upon decades of research, interviews, documentation and collecting of memorabilia, and featuring commentary from gang members (including artists Robert N. Taylor and …Black and red are the colors worn on clothing and used for identification by the Black Disciples, an African-American street gang. The gang is based in Chicago, Ill., and was forme...Some say it glorifies gang culture, and critics worry it will attract violent crime. Others say it is an inspiring tribute to the community that raised the rapper. ... Credit: Colin Boyle/Block Club Chicago. More than 50 residents and community leaders met Tuesday evening to discuss the mural, which was completed Aug. 5, a few days before …His work focused on politics and government, including investigations of local and federal gun policies, secret police databases and corruption at Chicago City Hall. [email protected] ...Jun 13, 2018 ... The Chicago Crime Commission found that many of the more than 100,000 gang members in the Midwestern city are engaged in regular taunts and ...Distinguishing tagging from gang graffiti. Andrea J. Cook Journal staff. Oct 21, 2009. Gang graffiti carries an encrypted message that takes a little deciphering. The image above is in blue and ...Solutions to graffiti have ranged from arresting the culprits to replacing negative images with positive ones and redirecting the talents of graffiti artists to more productive ven...The emergence of distinct hand signals can be linked to the need for non-verbal communication, allowing gang members to identify allies, signal loyalty, and convey threats without attracting unwanted attention. In the United States, particularly in cities like Los Angeles and Chicago, where gang activity surged, these signs gained prominence.Jul 19, 2023 · In addition to specific colors, gang graffiti symbols may also incorporate patterns or designs that are unique to a certain gang or gang affiliation. For example, the Latin Kings, a Hispanic gang based in Chicago, often use a five-pointed crown in their graffiti symbols. The Latin Counts are the first Mexican street gang to form in the Pilsen neighborhood. Back in a time when the neighborhood was mostly a Czech neighborhood. In response to the issues the Mexican families faced a neighborhood club was created by the youth among this first wave of migration calling themselves the “Texans.”.Members Of Bloods Street Gang Found In Chicago Area. May 18, 2011 / 1:19 PM CDT / CBS Chicago. MAYWOOD, Ill. (CBS) -- The Bloods may sound familiar by name, from their rivalry with the Crips in ...THE INFLUENCE OF STREET GANG CULTURE on art in Los Angeles has been systematically underrepresented by academia and art history. Although scholarly research has traced the origin of gang graffiti ...In driving through Wicker Park and parts of Bucktown and Logan Square, I notice the letters "VTC" and the work "Wicked" spraypainted all over ...City-Data Forum > U.S. Forums > Illinois > Chicago: Gang Graffiti in Lakeview (Chicago, Clifton: neighborhood, school, gangs) User Name: Remember Me: Password Please register to participate in our discussions with 2 million other members - it's free and quick! Some forums can only be seen by registered members. ...Susan A. Phillips. Wallbangin': Graffiti and Gangs in L.A. ©1999, 432 pages, 13 color plates, 118 halftones. Paper $27.50 ISBN: 978-0-226-66772-0. For information on purchasing the book—from bookstores or here online—please go to the webpage for Wallbangin' . See also: Our catalog of books in anthropology.Graffiti not only marks a territory a gang has claimed; it also serves as a warning and challenge to other gangs. Graffiti, depending on how it is written, can ...He said he also took pictures of graffiti at Camp Scania, about 108 miles southeast of Baghdad, and Camp Anaconda, about 40 miles north of Baghdad. Much of the graffiti was by Chicago-based gangs, he said. In civilian life, Stoleson is a correctional officer and co-founder of the gang interdiction team at a Wisconsin maximum-security prison.Gang graffiti in Jefferson Park. comments. Best. Add a Comment. DukeOfDakin Six Corners • 4 yr. ago. It appears that garage door has been marked more than once, which means that property is being targeted. I strongly suggest the community engage with the police & elected officials before escalation occurs. 22. Reply.The Chicago Tribune offers a variety of ways to access its articles online. If you’re a subscriber, you can read the entire paper in digital form. The Chicago Tribune offers its en...Apr 11, 2017 · With their murderous rabbits, awkward graffiti and awesome nicknames, the business cards handed out by Chicago gang members in the 1970s and 80s are a peek into a violent underworld Gangster Disciples. "LAFA killers", Jeff Manor/Murder Park GDs, "Jeffery Manor Gangsters". (Gang graffiti) Add comment. 1,882 views. 0 faves. 0 comments. Uploaded on December 2, 2012. Taken on December 2, 2012.The soundtrack of a movie plays a crucial role in setting the tone and enhancing the overall viewing experience. One of the primary reasons why “American Graffiti” stands out is it...By 1982, he had his tag all over Logan Square and had formed one of Chicago’s first iconic Graffiti crews, ABC, the Angel Berto Crew, along with fellow graffiti writer Angel/Seen. As the crew expanded …Officials told WLS-TV the writings were gang graffiti. "It's really impressive, it's the first time I wanted to do in Chicago," a tourist told FOX32 while making an early-morning visit to the ...Distinguishing tagging from gang graffiti. Andrea J. Cook Journal staff. Oct 21, 2009. Gang graffiti carries an encrypted message that takes a little deciphering. The image above is in blue and ...View all All Photos Tagged Chicago Gang Graffiti. In SD hood, Ohio n Marshfield St. "Murda Fieldz". .Pic sent in by the Greenview Goblin. (Gang graffiti) You have probably already seen this, since G Day has had it for a minute.The Chicago Department of Streets and Sanitation offers free graffiti removal services to private property owners to help maintain the beauty of our communities. To report graffiti or request its removal, call the city's service request line at 3-1-1 or click on the button below.The Latin Dragons began in the year 1979 at the intersection of 87th and Escanaba in the South Chicago neighborhood. The Latin Dragon name came from Martial Arts because the founder and first President was a 7 th degree blackbelt in Martial Arts. The black dragon symbol is a known Martial Arts symbol. I am not sure who were the earliest ...Jul 2, 2019 · Officials told WLS-TV the writings were gang graffiti. "It's really impressive, it's the first time I wanted to do in Chicago," a tourist told FOX32 while making an early-morning visit to the ... Status. Active. The King Cobras formed in the year 1972 at the intersection of 106th and Oglesby down to 106th and Bensely right in front of Trumbull Park and the Trumbull Park projects in the South Deering neighborhood. The King Cobras were put together for the purpose of protecting the neighborhood from gangs developing in the surrounding ...The Chicago Department of Streets and Sanitation offers free graffiti removal services to private property owners to help maintain the beauty of our communities. To report graffiti or request its removal, call the city's service request line at 3-1-1 or click on the button below. The Graffiti Removal Program employs "blast" trucks that use ...City-Data Forum > U.S. Forums > Illinois > Chicago: Gang Graffiti in Lakeview (Chicago, Clifton: neighborhood, school, gangs) User Name: Remember Me: Password Please register to participate in our discussions with 2 million other members - it's free and quick! Some forums can only be seen by registered members. ...Wallbangin': Graffiti and Gangs in L.A. Susan A. Phillips. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. ix. 383 pp., illustrations, photographs, notes, references, index.Dispatches from the graffiti wars. By Chicago Tribune | Chicago Tribune. PUBLISHED: December 13, 2001 at 1:00 a.m. | UPDATED: August 20, 2021 at 10:33 a.m. Eyes scanning the underbrush for cops ...¶ Copycat graffiti looks like gang graffiti, and may be the work of gang wanna-bes or youths seeking excitement. † Offenders commonly use numbers as code in gang graffiti. A number may represent the corresponding position in the alphabet (e.g., 13 = M, for the Mexican Mafia), or represent a penal or police radio code.When it comes to getting rid of gang graffiti, the work of some northwest suburbs has a magical quality: Now you see it. Now you don`t. No hocus pocus is involved, however. The magic words are simp…Author Jordan AndersonReading 17 minViews 53Published by September 5, 2023. Contents. Short answer chicago city sticker gang sign: 1) The History and Controversy Surrounding Chicago City Sticker Gang Sign. 2) Unpacking the Symbolism: Decoding the Meaning Behind Chicago’s City Sticker Gang Sign. 3) Navigating Crime and Identity: How the ...SMALL GANG’S BIG GRIP TROUBLES NEIGHBORHOOD. By Staff Reports. PUBLISHED: February 11, 1998 at 1:00 a.m. | UPDATED: August 11, 2021 at 5:13 a.m. In the heart of the Back of the Yards ...3. Look out for graffiti tags: Many street gangs leave their mark through distinctive graffiti designs that represent their affiliation. 4. Understand neighborhood territories: Different gangs may claim control over specific areas; being aware of these boundaries could provide insight into which group might be behind certain markings or …Heavy gang wars were far lessoned or all around ended when the Folk concepts were created. Two Six, Ridgeway Lords, Ambrose and Satan Disciples had a violent three-way-war since the 1960s and this was ended when the Folk alliance was created. The People alliance came out around the same time as Folks or a little after.Crews come together from Chicago’s colorful and vibrant ethnic neighborhoods. A crew is started by like-minded individuals who share the same goal, to paint the city. New graffiti artists benefit from joining a crew for the camaraderie, learning different styles and techniques. Despite a law rendering it illegal to sell spray paint in Chicago ...Sep 21, 2021 · Boar, a North Side graffiti artist who's spent 30 years in the culture, paints a viaduct wall along 100th Street Sept. 19. Credit: Maxwell Evans/Block Club Chicago. EAST SIDE — The rail viaducts underneath the Chicago Skyway feature pockmarked walls, glass-strewn sidewalks, rusted support columns — and now, world-class graffiti from local ... Chicago gang symbols and signs refer to visual representations used by gangs in Chicago to communicate their affiliation or territory. These can include specific hand gestures, tattoos, clothing colors, graffiti tags, or other markings.Dec 14, 2015 · THE INFLUENCE OF STREET GANG CULTURE on art in Los Angeles has been systematically underrepresented by academia and art history. Although scholarly research has traced the origin of gang graffiti ... Distinguishing tagging from gang graffiti. Andrea J. Cook Journal staff. Oct 21, 2009. Gang graffiti carries an encrypted message that takes a little deciphering. The image above is in blue and ...April 19, 2018, 4 a.m. CDT. Gang graffiti painted on a stop sign on the 5800 block of South Sacramento Avenue in Chicago. (Scott Olson/Getty Images) Politic-IL Insider. Analysis of...May 28, 2019 ... James "Jinx" O'Connor's photographic documentation of gang graffiti and members captures a lost era of large-scale color promotional murals and&n...Explore the intriguing world of Chicago gang signs and decipher their hidden meanings. Discover the history, symbolism, and influence of these fascinating gestures in the urban landscape.When it comes to punishing criminals, there are different approaches that authorities can take. One of the most controversial methods is the use of chain gangs. This practice invol...In Chicago, graffiti is getting harder and harder to find. For decades, gang members and other vandals would paint messages, mark their territory, declare their power, disrespect their rivals or fo…Jun 11, 2018 · CHICAGO, IL — A mural dubbed as a "Gateway to Peace" in the works by elementary school students at the viaduct in between 58th and 59th streets on Damen Avenue was tagged with gang graffiti just ... gang symbols: Gang lexicon is a form of graffiti that involves a special form of language with which many people are unfamiliar. These encoded messages exist as a widely visible form of sub-cultural graffiti in Chicago, namely surrounding groups affiliated with one of two factions, these being People and Folks. Sentrock. Joseph “Sentrock” Perez is a self-taught street artist who honed his skills “from graffiti writing in Mexican-American neighborhoods.”. Frequently incorporating a “bird-mask” image into his artwork, Sentrock’s recent murals have appeared at SemiColon Bookstore and Chicago Public Library’s Little Village branch.Sentrock. Joseph “Sentrock” Perez is a self-taught street artist who honed his skills “from graffiti writing in Mexican-American neighborhoods.”. Frequently incorporating a “bird-mask” image into his artwork, Sentrock’s recent murals have appeared at SemiColon Bookstore and Chicago Public Library’s Little Village branch.Sentrock. Joseph “Sentrock” Perez is a self-taught street artist who honed his skills “from graffiti writing in Mexican-American neighborhoods.”. Frequently incorporating a “bird-mask” image into his artwork, Sentrock’s recent murals have appeared at SemiColon Bookstore and Chicago Public Library’s Little Village branch.Chicago gang signs and symbols refer to hand gestures, graffiti tags, tattoos, clothing choices, colors and other visual markers used by street gangs in the city …With a strict set of rules, dispute-mediating mechanisms, and exclusively Latino membership, SGD was driven by the urgent need to control bloodshed on the streets. By 1990, murders had hit ...Mar 15, 2017 ... In essence social media has become home to the new graffiti, gangbangers marking their turf and continuing a cycle of violence capturing ...Street gang graffiti in Salem, Oregon in 1987. ... Chicago's mayor, Richard M. Daley created the "Graffiti Blasters" to eliminate graffiti and gang-related vandalism. The bureau advertises free cleanup within 24 hours of a phone call. The bureau uses paints (compatible with the city's 'color scheme') and baking-soda-based solvents to remove ...Feb 23, 2015 ... ... Chicago Sun Times Mobile Logo. Subscriber ... Gang symbols, but mostly the letters VTC, appeared on the fence. ... Since the memorial went up , only ...Graffiti Removal Scaled Back Under Mayor's Budget. August 23, 2012 / 8:36 AM CDT / CBS Chicago. CHICAGO (CBS) -- The City of Chicago reportedly is moving more slowly these days to get rid of gang ... The Latin Dragons began in the year 1979 at the intersection of 87th and Escanaba in the South Chicago neighborhood. The Latin Dragon name came from Martial Arts because the founder and first President was a 7 th degree blackbelt in Martial Arts. The black dragon symbol is a known Martial Arts symbol. I am not sure who were the earliest ... Gang graffiti is painted on a garage near the spot where Federico Martinez was gunned down two days ago on December 28, 2012 in Chicago, Illinois.... Violence Climbs As Chicago 2012 Murder Rate Nears 500Graffiti piece by the West 49th Street & South Honore Street set of the Gangster Disciple Nation on West 50th Street and South Hermitage Avenue, Chicago IL. Chicago is considered the most gang-occupied city in the United States, with 150,000 gang-affiliated denizens, representing more than 100 gangs. Gang warfare and retaliation is common in ...No assailant has been punished till date. Exactly two years ago on this day, a 23-year-old physiotherapy student was brutally assaulted and gang raped by five adult men and a juven...Sentrock. Joseph “Sentrock” Perez is a self-taught street artist who honed his skills “from graffiti writing in Mexican-American neighborhoods.”. Frequently incorporating a “bird-mask” image into his artwork, Sentrock’s recent murals have appeared at SemiColon Bookstore and Chicago Public Library’s Little Village branch.Pictures of the graffiti have been reviewed by detectives, who have determined the six-pointed star and “FOL” are likely associated with the Chicago-based Folk Nation gang.Credit: alex v. hernandez/block club chicago. IRVING PARK — A shooting spree and rash of graffiti tied to an apparent gang war in the Irving Park neighborhood drew out dozens of fed up neighbors Wednesday night pushing for safer streets. “When something like this happens we rally,” said Misha Mann, president of the Residents Of Irving ...Two reputed gang leaders in the city of McHenry were jailed Friday on felony charges after admitting to spray-painting gang graffiti on the Bull Valley Road bridge over the Fox River last month ...Chicago gang symbols and signs refer to visual representations used by gangs in Chicago to communicate their affiliation or territory. These can include specific hand gestures, tattoos, clothing colors, graffiti tags, or other markings.David ‘Boogie’ Gonzalez was a gang-member-turned-peace-activist. Killed 46 years ago in Harrison Park, a fading work of public art on 18th Street recalls his …Knight is a former Vice Lord gang member now trying to turn around those young people through his program, “Living With Purpose.” He said Jackson’s gang problem is growing …Objectives Examines the neighborhood-level relationship between gang graffiti and gang violence in a large city in the western region of the US during a peak period of local gang feuds in 2014–15. Methods Bayesian Poisson log-linear mixed regression models with a spatio-temporal autoregressive process are estimated using a combination of data for N = 42,276 space–time units. Results ...People Nation, Almighty Saints, Gangster Two Six, Gangster Party People, Latin Kings, Almighty Ambrose, Maniac Latin Disciples. La Raza is a street gang founded in Chicago in 1973. Their colors are green, white, and red (same as the Mexican flag ). Their symbols include the Mexican flag, cross, and a six-point star.

gang symbols: Gang lexicon is a form of graffiti that involves a special form of language with which many people are unfamiliar. These encoded messages exist as a widely visible form of sub-cultural graffiti in Chicago, namely surrounding groups affiliated with one of two factions, these being People and Folks.. Kaiser urgent care colorado springs

Sep 11, 2023 · Short answer gang signs of Chicago: Gang signs in Chicago are hand gestures used by street gangs to communicate messages and represent their affiliation. These signs often include distinctive finger configurations, movements, or specific symbols. They serve as a means for gang members to identify each other and establish dominance within their ... In Chicago, graffiti comes into its own as public art precedes major building developments. By Matthew Messner • December 19, 2016 • Art, Development, Midwest. Graffiti in Chicago is not ...Polo G. Moneybagg Yo. The Almighty Vice Lord Nation ( Vice Lords for short, abbreviated AVLN) is the second-largest and one of the oldest street and prison gangs in Chicago, Illinois. Its total membership is estimated to be between 30,000 and 35,000. It is also one of the founding members of the People Nation multi-gang alliance.The shtheads use a small rag wrapped on the tip of a stick or dowel dipped into and soaked in hydrochloric acid solution usually in a small jar. It chemically etches or “frosts” the glass. Not sure but it looks like gang graffiti. Looks like a 5-point symbol and an upside pitchfork for the T in bitch.New victims have emerged a week after police raids. The notorious Clop ransomware operation appears to be back in business, just days after Ukrainian police arrested six alleged me...Located on Chicago’s North Side, Wicker Park is a vibrant neighborhood known for its eclectic mix of art galleries, boutique shops, and trendy restaurants. It’s also a hotspot for graffiti enthusiasts, with its streets and alleys adorned with captivating and thought-provoking artwork. One of the must-visit spots for graffiti in Wicker Park ...Feb 24, 2021 · Long used in anthropology, the concept of totemism remains powerful analytically because of its ability to describe how intentional oppositions are hinged to surrounding environments. Gang writing allows members to infuse themselves into neighborhoods by spatializing the tie of sympathy between signature, person, and landscape. Sep 11, 2023 · Short answer gang signs of Chicago: Gang signs in Chicago are hand gestures used by street gangs to communicate messages and represent their affiliation. These signs often include distinctive finger configurations, movements, or specific symbols. They serve as a means for gang members to identify each other and establish dominance within their ... In the United States, what is now known as graffiti-art first appeared in the 1970's in New York City's underground subways and abandoned buildings. Graffiti writing was part of the hip-hop culture which also included the elements of break-dancing, rhyming/rapping and DJ'ing. Today, graffiti is still considered one of the "four elements" of ...It's part of where "our" version of graffiti originated from. Especially the cholo's and their old English adapted fonts. Honestly a lot of it is more real graffiti than half the shit out anymore. Around me, not many throws or pieces, usually just a LK, VL, or GD handstyle, and I avoid going over their shit fs.Jun 13, 2018 ... The Chicago Crime Commission found that many of the more than 100,000 gang members in the Midwestern city are engaged in regular taunts and ...Gang graffiti is painted on a garage near the spot where Federico Martinez was gunned down two days ago on December 28, 2012 in Chicago, Illinois.... Violence Climbs As Chicago 2012 Murder Rate Nears 500The gang members fold their arms in a manner that is pointed to the left. The People Nation alliance in most instances uses a five-pointed star in their gang graffiti. The five-pointed star has its origins with the Blackstone Rangers/Black P. Stone Ranger Nation, one of the larger street gangs. The alliance's term "five alive, six must die" is ...Long used in anthropology, the concept of totemism remains powerful analytically because of its ability to describe how intentional oppositions are hinged to surrounding environments. Gang writing allows members to infuse themselves into neighborhoods by spatializing the tie of sympathy between signature, person, and landscape.Mar 16, 2017 · Celebrating 30 years on the force this year, Ryan, who heads Area Central, says Chicago has 59 gangs, 625 factions totaling 125,000 members. And that an estimated 75% of murders in Chicago are ... The Meeting of Styles began in 1997 at the Schlachthof Wiesbaden cultural center in Germany. The most recent local edition of the traveling, international gathering of graffiti artists was held in South Chicago in September 2022. Meeting of Styles was held in 2019, at the viaducts near the intersection of Commercial and South Chicago Avenues.The National Gang Center (NGC) is a project funded by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), the Office of Justice Programs (OJP), U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). The NGC is an integral component of the Justice Department’s mission to provide innovative leadership in coordination with federal, state, local, and ...Gang graffiti as totemism. SA Phillips. American Anthropologist 123 (2), 263-277, 2021. 3: 2021: ... Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. 3: 1999: Tramp Directories, Noms-de Road, and Unwritten Codes: A Souvenir of Hobo Graffiti. Based on Photographs, News Sources, and Works of Literature. Featuring Excerpts from Jack …gang symbols: Gang lexicon is a form of graffiti that involves a special form of language with which many people are unfamiliar. These encoded messages exist as a widely …Distinguishing tagging from gang graffiti. Andrea J. Cook Journal staff. Oct 21, 2009. Gang graffiti carries an encrypted message that takes a little deciphering. The image above is in blue and ....

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