2024 H1b visa client letter

H1B Docs in addition to common docs:( All Docs photo copy only )-Latest I-797-Previous I-797s-Positional Confirmation letter from Employer-NIE letter from Employer. Had the End client letter, but they did not take it, Keep it handy Same goes for I-129 Pettition docs, Keep it handy. H4 Spouse Docs in addition to common docs( All Docs photo copy .... Rachel stone car accident

H Visa (H1, H4, H2, H3) If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. ... H1b interview - client letter 11-13-2021, 04:46 AM.In case you are unable to get the client letter, you may carry the following along with your current letter to show VO for any further questions. 1) Email from client if client is not providing or insist using the previous letter. 2) Your Badge. 3) Your timesheets. 4) Your latest email correspondence with your client manager (like work update ...Feb 14, 2024 · Yes, I do have H1B approval, I need to go for Visa stamping, however, my employer has an outsourced project assignment from South Africa client, as such my employer is getting the client letter from South Africa stating that a project requires the resource offsite to them which can be anywhere, in this case resource will be sitting in US at employer location, as such, will the client letter ... To file an H1B visa petition for an employee, the sponsor/company incurs various kinds of costs, ranging from application filing fee with USCIS for the H1B petition to fee for the attorney for filing the same. Depending on the size of the company, the H1B filing fee can vary anywhere from $1,720 USD to $6,470 USD + the Attorney fee ( if any).In case you are unable to get the client letter, you may carry the following along with your current letter to show VO for any further questions. 1) Email from client if client is not providing or insist using the previous letter. 2) Your Badge. 3) Your timesheets. 4) Your latest email correspondence with your client manager (like work update ...H-1B Visa Interview Questions Guide for 2024. Foreign professionals seeking to work in the United States with an H-1B visa must go through an extensive screening process, especially if they opt for consular processing. This process involves a one-on-one interview with an immigration officer, which requires adequate preparation beforehand.There is no standard or required duration for your interview. However, H-1B visa interviews can last 20 to 40 minutes. When several interviews are scheduled for the same day, some can go for just 15 minutes. It is better not to worry about the duration and focus more on being prepared.As part of the H-1B petition, the employer is required to describe the job duties that the H-1B worker will perform. USCIS expects that the H-1B employee has done relevant coursework in college that would help them perform the job duties. In reality, many senior workers might have graduated from college where relevant coursework might not even ...H1B : Visa Stamp ; 221G White Slip Ottawa - 11/30 - Took my Passport i797, W2 and Client letters 221G White Slip Ottawa - 11/30 - Took my Passport i797, W2 and Client letters ... Why is the client letter not on company's letter head & looks like you printed it? (to which I answered this is the letter the client issued, and the same was ...Although client letter for h1b extension and h1b visa transfer is not needed according to USCIS. But it is always good to have. Client letter for h1b visa stamping is a must document. This post will explain how should you write a client letter. We can break the client letter in four parts. Each part is important.Step 2: The New Employer Files an H1B Transfer Petition. Once you have a job offer, your new employer must file an H1B transfer petition with the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). The petition should include a Labor Condition Application (LCA), which outlines the terms of your new employment.PK !ƒ øåº ª [Content_Types].xml ¢ ( Ì–ÏNÛ@ ÆïH} k¯U¼ ªP m9 RÓ ØxÇÎ¶ûO; oßqœ „’ AÜp± Ï|ß÷Ûx5šÉõ“³Ù $4Á â ‹ | ´ñu!~ÏnFßD†¤¼V6x(Ä P\O¿œMf« ˜±Úc!2) If appearing for Drop-box, bring all your original documents including End Client letter, Itinerary of Work, Contract between your Employer and Client, etc. 3) If asked to appear in Interview, do not say more than what required or requested. In you case, be precise and go thru all the pages of your contracts.To file an H-1B petition by any employer, according to the 2010 Neufeld Memo, the USCIS requires that a valid employer-employee relationship should exist between the employer and employee, as well as that the employer should maintain a daily control over the employees—including the rights to hire and fire, review their performance, payroll, and so …The Dropbox option is only available for H1B Visa renewals. ... A Client Letter can be optionally included. Client letters are not usually required, but they may entertain them on your insistence. Some applicants could explain 221g situations without a client letter and submitted it as part of their Dropbox appointments.Hi my H1b got approved for inhouse project, invitation letter sent to uscis also mentioned only inhouse project. My LCA work location is my employer location. But I am working as government contractor from employer location. I am going for visa interview. This is my first h1 extension expiring in august 2020. Can I say I am working in two …In case you are unable to get the client letter, you may carry the following along with your current letter to show VO for any further questions. 1) Email from client if client is not providing or insist using the previous letter. 2) Your Badge. 3) Your timesheets. 4) Your latest email correspondence with your client manager (like work update ...USA Client Letter Format for H1B Visa Sample. Use the above button to download a PDF sample of the H1B support letter. For an employer in the US to hire an international professional in a specialty occupation, such an employer needs the H1B visa. This visa also applies to.Hi my H1b got approved for inhouse project, invitation letter sent to uscis also mentioned only inhouse project. My LCA work location is my employer location. But I am working as government contractor from employer location. I am going for visa interview. This is my first h1 extension expiring in august 2020. Can I say I am working in two …H1B Visa. H1B Visa News; H-1B Visa Attorney Fee; H1B Visa Cap / Quota for FY21 (April 1, 2020 filing) How we are preparing for the FY 20 H-1B Visa Season; How to Avoid the Level 1 Prevailing Wage RFE; Consulting Firms – H-1B Visa Employer/Employee Relationship. Neufeld H-1B Visa Memo FAQ’s from USCIS; Sample H-1B Visa End …Karthikraj March 17, 2022, 7:45pm 4. Discuss with you client directly and explain the importance of client letter for your visa interview. If you mention the client location in the approved LCA, definitely the visa officer will ask you show the client letter when you go for in person interview. In my case, i attended H1B drop box in Kolkata on ...H1B Visa - Client Letter. 10-25-2010, 07:43 PM. H1B Visa - Client Letter - What should be specified on it? Hi, I am on a H1B Visa working in US. I will be going to India in Dec for stamping. I had a B1 Visa before. I also had a H4 Visa and while on H4 Visa, I applied for H1B and started working since the last 1 year.h1b. h1bapplicant May 16, 2021, 6:24pm 1. Hi Anil, I’ve attended the H1B visa interview in Chennai on this April 2021 and I received a 221g white slip asking to provide the end client letter by email. When I discussed with my employer, they informed me that the client usually will not provide any such letters and also client letter ...In case you are unable to get the client letter, you may carry the following along with your current letter to show VO for any further questions. 1) Email from client if client is not providing or insist using the previous letter. 2) Your Badge. 3) Your timesheets. 4) Your latest email correspondence with your client manager (like work update ...Reviews, rates, fees, and rewards details for The USAA® Preferred Cash Rewards Visa Signature® Card. Compare to other cards and apply online in seconds Info about USAA® Preferred C...Posted June 10, 2016. For h1 drop box u will be asked only passport and i797 . No client letter required . But. But , if the consulate wants to see u in person for interview then u might need a client letter . If possible take the screen shot of email staying the client cannot provide client letter.I got my H1b approved and moved from F1 visa to H1B Visa. Now working for a XXXX employer for 1 year. My employer XXXX has a project from a client YYYY. While my employer applying H1B for me mentioned as Working for Client YYYY., But work location and work in Employer XXXXX. Concerns/questions:: what are the documents I …To file an amended H1B petition, the employer must file Form I-129 to notify USCIS of a material change to the H1B employment. The H1B worker may not file the H1B amendment; only the employer may file an amended …A client letter for H1B is a document that is commonly required by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) as part of an H1B visa petition. This letter is typically provided by the employer who seeks to hire a foreign worker under the H1B visa program and serves as evidence of a genuine job offer in a specialized field.Jun 5, 2016 · Aarav27. Hi, I work as a contractor under E-V-C (Employer-Vendor-Client) model. As per the new USCIS rule, my employer filed H1B Amendment and got RFE. USCIS asked for client letter in RFE but, my client has a policy that they do not provide a client letter. Also, they can not even provide a memo/email saying that they do not provide such letter. H1B US Approval Client Letter Example. Note such the phrase in this random letter can be zueinander to you specific needs and related details: Date: To, Visa Officer, The Consulate Popular of the U. S. A. (Write in full), [Address away the issuer of the letter], e.g., Pompey, 500 005, Bharat. Dearest Officer (or sir/ma), H1B Visa - Client Letter. 10-25-2010, 07:43 PM. H1B Visa - Client Letter - What should be specified on it? Hi, I am on a H1B Visa working in US. I will be going to India in Dec for stamping. I had a B1 Visa before. I also had a H4 Visa and while on H4 Visa, I applied for H1B and started working since the last 1 year. 1. H1B Visa Stamping – High-Level Process. 2. H1B Visa Interview Documents Checklist. 3. H1B Visa Documents Checklist as per Dropbox Appointment …H1b visa canceled at Port of entry . Hi All, my h1bvisa was canceled at Port of entry recently, I got my h1b stamped in November 2021 and I was also working from here until July 2022 ... Second one is entering as fresh employee, in this you show that you have current offer letter , client letter or any other letter to prove you have ...I’m in need of help. I gave interview on July 16th 2019. It is my 3rd extension with same client same employer. Initially submitted for drop box and called for interview, They gave pink slip and an Indian lady interviewed me for 2 hours.Answer. In general, if an H1B petition is filed to work at a third-party location, and no client / vendor letters are provided, the USCIS will issue an RFE asking for proof of the employer-employee relationship, and of the existence of the project.Although client letter for h1b extension and h1b visa transfer is not needed according to USCIS. But it is always good to have. Client letter for h1b visa stamping is a must document. This post will explain how should you write a client letter. We can break the client letter in four parts. Each part is important.Due to 60 days grace period H1B rule, I need to find new employer and transfer my H1B latest by Aug 10, 2020 (by that date FedEx packet should have been received by USCIS) I got a new employer who is ready to transfer my H1B, however they are telling me to find one project asap so that we can have SOW, MSA, Client letter etc …Guy_H1B. Members. Author. Posted March 12, 2013. Thanks everyone for your replies!! Yes, The letter states the project will continue until end of 2014. Let me see if I can get another letter with recent date on it. Btw, Last time I managed to get visa at ottawa consulate without any client letter or vendor letter.Nov 13, 2021 · H Visa (H1, H4, H2, H3) If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. ... H1b interview - client letter 11-13-2021, 04:46 AM. Oct 13, 2021 · Kalpesh_Dalwadi (Kalpesh Dalwadi) October 14, 2021, 5:44am 2. I think the copy of SOW/contract between your employer and client should fill in for client letter. In addition to this, your employer or client can give a letter stating that the client dont have policy to provide client letter. 4 Likes. My client refused to give any end client letter. 2. You may go for interview without client letter. 3. They have everything with them, if you provide or not. In case asked, yes you have to provide. 4. If you get 221G, only thing you can do is "Wait" until they process. …Visas - USA; H Visa (H1, H4, H2, H3) If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. ... Sample Client Invitation Letter required H1B inhouse project Hi I am filing for an amendment for an internal project at USA (employer office) for my H1B. My base location is India (employer has office at USA as we ll ...H1B US Visa Client Letter Sample. Note that the wordings in this sample letter can be suited to your specific needs and related details: Date: To, Visa Officer, The Consulate General of the U. S. A. (Write in full), [Address of the issuer of the letter], e.g., Mumbai, 500 005, India. Dear Officer (or sir/ma),The H-1B visa is for foreign workers who hold “specialty” occupations. A specialty occupation is one which: “requires theoretical and practical application of a body of highly specialized knowledge to fully perform the occupation and which requires the attainment of the equivalent of an American bachelor’s degree or higher in a specific …Use US Legal Forms to complete, change and printing and down load papers templates within minutes. H-1B Visa Interview Questions Guide for 2024.Visas - USA; H Visa (H1, H4, H2, H3) If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. ... H1b interview - client letter 11 … Watch this thread Start a new thread Add a post. Thread is empty. Showing 1 to 0 of 0 rows. Source: CompareRemit. Hi Friends, I am planning to apply for H1B Amendment and have a quick question. My Designation in LCA and Client letters are different as mentioned below. Posted June 10, 2016. For h1 drop box u will be asked only passport and i797 . No client letter required . But. But , if the consulate wants to see u in person for interview then u might need a client letter . If possible take the screen shot of email staying the client cannot provide client letter.Client Letters as Corroborating Evidence. "The new policy memo largely formalizes existing USCIS policy on H-1B petitions involving third-party worksites, but also spells out new requirements...Hello, I have a situation in which i have applied for 7th year extension based on I140 approval. I have been given an RFE from USCIS asking for a client letter. My current H1 expires on May 5 2014. My client did provide a letter, but the project end date is mentioned as March 31 2014 and forecasted length of engagement is Dec 31 2015.Hi Anil, I have been recently issued Yellow slip at the end of H1B interview in New Delhi Consulate on 14th Jan 2019. after 4 days i was asked to submit I129 and end client letter in pdf format. How much time it can take as currently my status is shown as Administrative Processing . they had confusion regarding middle vendor during my interview which i clarified also.Due to 60 days grace period H1B rule, I need to find new employer and transfer my H1B latest by Aug 10, 2020 (by that date FedEx packet should have been received by USCIS) I got a new employer who is ready to transfer my H1B, however they are telling me to find one project asap so that we can have SOW, MSA, Client letter etc based on whichH1B Visa. H1B Visa News; H-1B Visa Attorney Fee; H1B Visa Cap / Quota for FY21 (April 1, 2020 filing) How we are preparing for the FY 20 H-1B Visa Season; How to Avoid the Level 1 Prevailing Wage RFE; Consulting Firms – H-1B Visa Employer/Employee Relationship. Neufeld H-1B Visa Memo FAQ’s from USCIS; Sample H-1B Visa End …The H-1B1 (Chile and Singapore) program allows employers to temporarily employ foreign workers from Chile and Singapore in the U.S. on a nonimmigrant basis in specialty occupations. Current laws limit the annual number of qualifying foreign workers who may be issued an H-1B1 visa to 6,800 with 1,400 from Chile and 5,400 from Singapore.H-1B Visa Stamping – Alternatives Approaches to Client Letter. It is always important to have the client letter when you are going to attend an Interview for your H-1B visa stamping. If you work full time, your employer’s offer letter or work authorization letter would be the client letter. But when you work as a contractor, client letter ...Feb 1, 2024 · Personal Documents: Gather current and previous passports, photographs per U.S. visa specifications, and your resume or curriculum vitae. Supporting Documents: These may include your diplomas, transcripts, work experience letters, and any other evidence that supports your qualifications for the H1B visa category. 1. H1B Visa Stamping – High-Level Process. 2. H1B Visa Interview Documents Checklist. 3. H1B Visa Documents Checklist as per Dropbox Appointment …Feb 27, 2018 · Employers of H-1B visa workers should prepare to include more documentation in petition filings if they intend to contract those workers out to third-party client worksites. Client letter (if you are going to work at a client location) Payslips for the last 6 months payslip from your existing company; Bank account statements for the last 6 months; General Tips for H1B Visa Stamping. For an H1B visa, it’s better if you are in formal attire. Greet the consular official as soon as you reach the counter.Hi,I applied for h1b visa. my petition got approved and I got Form 797B. Now its time for interview.So I asked my employer about client letter. But they said that I don’t need client letter as I need to work in employer location only not in client location. But I am worried that about the interview if they ask client letter. I have below docs.1. Offer letter2. LCA3. Form 797 B4. Letter to ...A letter of undertaking is used by an individual company, or broker, for raising finances for a specific initiative, and will also highlight the issues and responsibilities of the ...Jul 8, 2013 · I was working with company A,till Aug 2012.I changed to company B , with client C on Aug 2012 and have been working there till now.My contract extends every 6 months.Now I have to go to India for personal reasons.My visa got transfered and extended when I moved to company B during Aug 2012, and the new Visa is valid still July 2015.My H1b visa with old company is stamped on my passport till ... 9. Mail the Petition to the Appropriate USCIS Service Center: Ensure that your petition is sent to the correct USCIS service center, as this varies based on the work location and type of filing. 10. Review Your Petition: Conduct a thorough review of your petition before filing to ensure all requirements are met.H1b visa interview Us consulate mumbai No client letter. Us consulate Mumbai interview went around for 10min. Below were the questions asked : 1.What are you doing currently. A. Iam into ZZZ. 2.what is it? A.ZZZ.Explained in one sentence. 3.How long have you been working for this company.Answer. In general, if an H1B petition is filed to work at a third-party location, and no client / vendor letters are provided, the USCIS will issue an RFE asking for proof of the employer-employee relationship, and of the existence of the project.Here’s Series of Steps to Expect After H-1B Visa Petition Approval by USCIS. Approval Notice (I-797) will be mailed to your attorney via USPS slow mail (I-797 Approval Notice) The attorney will send the Approval Notice and other documents to you (or Employer) You can schedule the H1B Visa Interview at the U.S. Embassy near your …My Employer submiited by H1B petition and it got approved and when i was planning to schedule visa interview, i reviewed the documents mailed to me . which consists of th I-129 Petition copy, Employer Mail to US Immigration services and the LCA documents.In which the document letter submitted by the Employer on the work and …H1B Visa. H1B Visa News; H-1B Visa Attorney Fee; H1B Visa Cap / Quota for FY21 (April 1, 2020 filing) How we are preparing for the FY 20 H-1B Visa Season; How to Avoid the Level 1 Prevailing Wage RFE; Consulting Firms – H-1B Visa Employer/Employee Relationship. Neufeld H-1B Visa Memo FAQ’s from USCIS; Sample H-1B Visa End Client LetterEmployers were required to submit client letters, contract, work order documents in the past to prove the employer-employee relationship. Need to have only one of Hire, Pay, fire, Supervise, or Control work. ... I’ve attended the H1B visa interview in Chennai on this April 2021 and I received a 221g white slip asking to provide the end …This question is about the Total Visa® Card @cdigiovanni20 • 03/25/21 This answer was first published on 03/26/21 and it was last updated on 03/25/21.For the most current informati...H1B Visa. H1B Visa News; H-1B Visa Attorney Fee; H1B Visa Cap / Quota for FY21 (April 1, 2020 filing) How we are preparing for the FY 20 H-1B Visa Season; How to Avoid the Level 1 Prevailing Wage RFE; Consulting Firms – H-1B Visa Employer/Employee Relationship. Neufeld H-1B Visa Memo FAQ’s from USCIS; Sample H-1B Visa End Client LetterTo write an invitation letter for a visa, include full names and addresses, relevant financial details, information about the visit and your relationship to the applicant in additi...Mar 30, 2024 · H-1B visa extension process crucial for U.S. employers, supporting global talent exchange in specialty occupations. Required documents for H-1B extension include visas, diplomas, job details, and financial records for applicant and employer. Understanding renewal options, associated fees, spousal visa, denial alternatives, premium processing ... H1B Visa. H1B Visa News; H-1B Visa Attorney Fee; H1B Visa Cap / Quota for FY21 (April 1, 2020 filing) How we are preparing for the FY 20 H-1B Visa Season; How to Avoid the Level 1 Prevailing Wage RFE; Consulting Firms – H-1B Visa Employer/Employee Relationship. Neufeld H-1B Visa Memo FAQ’s from USCIS; Sample H-1B Visa End Client LetterH1B US Visa Client Letter Sample. Note that the wordings in this sample letter can be suited to your specific needs and related details: Date: To, Visa Officer, The Consulate General of the U. S. A. (Write in full), [Address of the issuer of the letter], e.g., Mumbai, 500 005, India. Dear Officer (or sir/ma),There is no standard or required duration for your interview. However, H-1B visa interviews can last 20 to 40 minutes. When several interviews are scheduled for the same day, some can go for just 15 minutes. It is better not to worry about the duration and focus more on being prepared.I am on H1B visa and a full time employee of company "A" and currently working as contractor to company "C". I have a middle vendor in between company "A" and "C". Now the company "C" has offered me a Full time opportunity but asked me to get NOC(No objection Certificate/Letter) from my employer "A". However, my employer will …Hi, My client project SOW is till July end. I have visa interview on 22 April. Client is not providing client letter. My i797 is valid till Mar 2025. What option i have to attend the interview… I know client letter is not mandatory document if in interview its asked to provide client letter what should be my response. what other docs i can show if needed. I have an offer from another company ...Your I-94 is at the bottom of your I-797 approval notice, and/or the CBP electronic I-94 system. The H-1B status is employment-based, so your status immediately ends on the date employment is terminated. If a change of status or extension of stay has been granted, the I-94 will be at the bottom of the I-797 approval notice.Visa debit cards are similar to credit cards, except that payments made with the card are deducted directly from your bank account. Any purchase made with a debit card will not inc...H1B Visa. H1B Visa News; H-1B Visa Attorney Fee; H1B Visa Cap / Quota for FY21 (April 1, 2020 filing) How we are preparing for the FY 20 H-1B Visa Season; How to Avoid the Level 1 Prevailing Wage RFE; Consulting Firms – H-1B Visa Employer/Employee Relationship. Neufeld H-1B Visa Memo FAQ’s from USCIS; Sample H-1B Visa End Client LetterAre you in the cleaning service industry and looking to win new clients? One powerful tool you should have in your arsenal is a compelling cleaning service proposal letter. This le...

h1b. h1bapplicant May 16, 2021, 6:24pm 1. Hi Anil, I’ve attended the H1B visa interview in Chennai on this April 2021 and I received a 221g white slip asking to provide the end client letter by email. When I discussed with my employer, they informed me that the client usually will not provide any such letters and also client letter .... United premium economy 777 200

H1B is a nonimmigrant visa category that allows a foreign worker to come to the United States and work in a “specialty occupation,” which includes many professional positions. The H1B gives a foreign national permission to work in the U.S. and a status that allows her/him to lawfully remain in the U.S. on a temporary basis.Principal applicant’s employment confirmation letter (original/copy) and end client letter from employer/petitioner. (Applicable for H1, H4, L1 Individual, L2) Form I-129 8. Payment stubs for at least the last three months Request for working conditions for H-1B and H-1B1 non-immigrants (LCA) Monthly statements (last three months)H1B : Visa Stamp ; 221G White Slip Ottawa - 11/30 - Took my Passport i797, W2 and Client letters 221G White Slip Ottawa - 11/30 - Took my Passport i797, W2 and Client letters ... Why is the client letter not on company's letter head & looks like you printed it? (to which I answered this is the letter the client issued, and the same was ...Due to 60 days grace period H1B rule, I need to find new employer and transfer my H1B latest by Aug 10, 2020 (by that date FedEx packet should have been received by USCIS) I got a new employer who is ready to transfer my H1B, however they are telling me to find one project asap so that we can have SOW, MSA, Client letter etc …Here are the major mistakes while filing the H1B petitions which may result in a request for a Client letter – Avoid these mistakes. Improper paper work while filing the H1B petition. Not using services of a qualified Immigration Attorney. Failure to establish the "Employer-Employee Relationship" while filing the H1B petition.Ideally, the end-client letter should describe the duties to be performed by the H1B employee at the client worksite, specify the expected duration of the project, …When writing a U.S. Visa Invitation Letter, it should include the following information: Your full name, date of birth, address and telephone number in the United States. Your occupation and your status in the United States. A clear statement of your relationship with the visiting individual. Detailed information on the planned visit including ...H1B Visa - Client Letter. 10-25-2010, 07:43 PM. H1B Visa - Client Letter - What should be specified on it? Hi, I am on a H1B Visa working in US. I will be going to India in Dec for stamping. I had a B1 Visa before. I also had a H4 Visa and while on H4 Visa, I applied for H1B and started working since the last 1 year.H-1B Visa Stamping – Alternatives Approaches to Client Letter. It is always important to have the client letter when you are going to attend an Interview for your H-1B visa stamping. If you work full time, your employer’s offer letter or work authorization letter would be the client letter. But when you work as a contractor, client letter ...Jun 5, 2016 · Aarav27. Hi, I work as a contractor under E-V-C (Employer-Vendor-Client) model. As per the new USCIS rule, my employer filed H1B Amendment and got RFE. USCIS asked for client letter in RFE but, my client has a policy that they do not provide a client letter. Also, they can not even provide a memo/email saying that they do not provide such letter. The initial registration period is for a minimum of 14 calendar days each fiscal year. The H-1B selection process is then run on properly submitted electronic registrations. Only those with selected registrations are eligible to file H-1B cap-subject petitions. On Jan. 30, 2024, USCIS announced a final rule to strengthen integrity and reduce ....

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