Air duct calculator - Purchase ADI Ductulator. The ADI - Air Distribution Institute, was formed in 1947 to promote the use of fabricated steel duct pipe and fittings for air distribution products. Today the alliance of ADI member companies produce steel duct pipe and fittings designed to efficiently deliver conditioned air in your home and office.

 
The formula for air duct sizing involves the calculation of air velocity (V) and duct cross-sectional area (A) to determine the air volume flow rate (Q), expressed in cubic feet per …. Tras

K-factor editor for local pressure loss. The program includes 2 procedures placed on customized command bar use to know the value of the coefficient K. 1° / - Module of imputation on the working sheet of the designation and the value of the K-factor. 2°/ - Data Visualization Module of the pressure loss coefficients according to the duct shape.By knowing how to calculate static pressure in air duct systems, you can determine that the right push of air counteracts the resistance in airflow. In a static pressure calculation, we are looking for the push of air to exceed the resistance. Otherwise, the system won't be able to circulate air throughout the ducts.Jul 29, 2022 · Return air duct size for 1-5 ton ACs is 14” to 22” for round ducts and 13”x12” to 32”x12” for rectangular ducts. Use the return air duct size calculator below for accurate dimensions required for your air conditioner or heat pump. There is also a table of return air duct sizes for round and rectangular ducts for ACs from 1.5 to 5 tons. How Much Does an HVAC Replacement Cost in 2024? Average Cost Range: $6,465 - $11,877. Use the calculator below for a more accurate local estimate. Use Modernize's 2024 cost calculator to get accurate HVAC replacement cost. Get local price ranges by zipcode for cooling, heating or both!The Duct Sizing Calculator is a hand held sliding calculator used for sizing supply and return duct systems using the equal friction, or velocity reduction design method. Front of calculator includes scales for friction, velocity, round duct size, weight per linear foot of round duct, surface area in square feet per lineal foot of round duct ...Air duct also termed as ductulator is a passage that is used to provide fresh air into rooms, buildings etc., Air ducts may be in circular, square and in rectangular shapes. This online air duct calculator is used to calculate the velocity of air flow feet per minute (FPM), and feet per second (FPS) through any shaped (circle, square or rectangle) ductulator with …To calculate allowable leakage, you must know the system surface area, the required test pressure and the specified leakage class. System (or section) Surface Area. sq.ft. Test Pressure. (in.wg.) SMACNA Leakage Class*. Allowable leakage based on your input is: cfm. *SMACNA recommends using leakage classes in table below when the designer …Now, to properly calculate the return grille size, we have to make these two assumptions: Face velocity is 500 FPM (feet per minute). This is the speed at which the return grille sucks the air from your house into your ducts. Free grille area is 70%. As we know, the grille is always bigger than the duct through which the airflow flows.Purpose and Learning Objectives. The purpose of this presentation is to introduce new and optimized techniques for designing high performing VAV systems at minimal cost. At the end of this presentation, you will be able to: Size VAV duct mains cost effectively. Select VAV boxes for minimum life cycle cost.Now, we can use the previous equation to calculate the makeup air rate for kitchens and dryers under these conditions. (1) 400 – 190 = 210 CFM of makeup air (2) 200 – 190 = 10 CFM of makeup air. Makeup Air Duct Size. Below is a table of the average air inflow rates through different size ducts at different air pressures:Ducting Calculators and Air Volume Converter. Nordfab can offer technical assistance with determining whether our ducting is best for your application and with designing duct installations. Please contact us with your requirements. Input CFM Input Velocity (FPM) Ideal Round Duct Diameter Duct Friction in Straight Duct. Calculate.In April 2024 the cost to Install a Duct starts at $12.13 - $21.39 per linear foot. Use our Cost Calculator for cost estimate examples customized to the location, size and options of your project.. To estimate costs for your project: 1. Set Project Zip Code Enter the Zip Code for the location where labor is hired and materials purchased.. 2.The Ductulator - Duct Sizing Calculator is a hand held rotating calculator used for sizing supply and return duct systems using the equal friction design method. Includes scales for friction loss per unit length, air volume, air velocity, round duct diameter, and rectangular duct diameters. One side uses English units, the other side uses ... Air Duct Calculators (Ductulator) 2/5. Watch on. This handy little device allows you to size your new air duct, and better understand what to expect from existing duct work. A Ductulator helps you properly size your ducts, estimate air loss, find the round or rectangular duct equivalent, and determine velocity. It can prevent some costly errors ... QUICK-GUIDE. Select the duct material from the drop-down list (most duct sizing tools are typically based on galvanised steel ducting by default) Enter the air flowrate in litres/second (can change to cubic metres/second by …V = 0.408 Q/D 2. Components. = Air velocity inside the duct (feet/s) = Air flow rate inside the duct (GPM) = Air flow rate inside the duct (inches) Metric Equation. Determine the following formula, which can be used to calculate the air duct velocity: V …Return air duct size for 1-5 ton ACs is 14” to 22” for round ducts and 13”x12” to 32”x12” for rectangular ducts. Use the return air duct size calculator below for accurate dimensions required for your air conditioner or heat pump. There is also a table of return air duct sizes for round and rectangular ducts for ACs from 1.5 to 5 tons.Aug 21, 2023 · Cleaning helps not only remove them, but may also remove blockages that can help make your system run more efficiently. Keep reading to learn more about the cost of duct cleaning services. 2024 Duct Cleaning Costs. Calculate local project costs by entering your zip code. Typical Price Range. $ 450 - $ 1,000. Ductulator is an engineering tool to calculate air duct dimensions based on air-flow, duct material, roughness and pressure or velocity. It supports round and rectangular duct options and provides accurate and easy to …HVAC Charts - Your Source for Heating & Air Conditioning Charts and Supplies. Duct Sizing Calculator. The Duct Sizing Calculator is a hand held sliding calculator used for sizing supply and return duct systems using the equal friction, or velocity reduction design method. Front of calculator includes scales for friction, velocity, round duct ... Duct Calculator EliteTM is an industry leading tool designed to simplify the job of duct sizing for HVAC professionals. This app allows users to calculate duct size, velocity, pressure drop, and flow rate for ductwork . Duct Calculator EliteTM features a highly intuitive interface which allows users to easily enter values with precision ... So, the duct design work is made simpler and easy. Since this is a web-based program, users can log in from any browser using an ID and password. Apart from duct designing, this software also helps in Duct sizing. With DuctQuote, you can. Calculate air flow for duct design; Draws 3D systems; Generate custom quotes using logo and …At А+ AIR SERVICES Cleaning, our excellent customer service has earned us loyal customers throughout our 20 years in business. With a wide range of services, we are experienced at mold remediation, ductwork installation, cleaning kitchen exhaust systems, air ducts, dryer vent and chimney, as well as taking on corporate and commercial …Nov 11, 2023 · The Duct Area Calculator is a powerful tool designed to help individuals and professionals in the HVAC industry determine the cross-sectional area of rectangular and circular ducts. This essential calculation aids in optimizing airflow, ensuring efficient ventilation systems, and maintaining optimal indoor air quality. ρ = 999.7 kg/m³. Find the dynamic viscosity: µ = 0.001308 kg/ (m · s) Compute the product of the density of water, the velocity of the flow, and L: ρ × u × L = 249.925 (m · s)/kg. Divide the result by the dynamic viscosity to find the Reynolds number: ReD = 249.925/0.001308 = 191,074 The flow is likely turbulent.Imperial Equation. Determine the following formula, which can be used to calculate the air duct velocity: V = 0.408 Q/D 2. Components. = Air velocity inside the duct (feet/s) = Air …Online Head Loss Calculator. The calculator below, which is based on eq. (2) , can be used to calculate the head loss in a duct, pipe or tube.The default values used in the calculator are for air flow 20 o C , 1.2 kg/m 3 and 6 m/s .The default density of water commonly used as reference fluid is 1000 kg/m 3.The friction coefficient is calculated …Example 2.5 ton Duct System Diagram. Sizing for a 2.5 Ton unit, we start with a 16" supply at 875 CFM -1125 CFM. We then take a 7" and 5" run (-200 CFM) off of this section bringing the remaining total to 675 CFM - 925 CFM. A drop from 16" to 14" in now required to keep pressure and velocity up.QUICK-GUIDE. Select the duct material from the drop-down list (most duct sizing tools are typically based on galvanised steel ducting by default) Enter the air flowrate in litres/second (can change to cubic metres/second by … Air Duct Calculator/Ductulator with Sleeve. 3.9 out of 5 stars 14. $14.70 $ 14. 70. FREE delivery Jun 30 - Jul 6 . Flexible Duct Friction Loss Calculator/Flex Duct ... Volume is the cross-sectional area multiplied by the length of the duct.; Density is the density of the material the duct is made of.; Diameter is the diameter of the round or spiral duct.; Width and Height are the dimensions of rectangular, oval, or flat oval ducts.; Length is the length of the duct.; For insulated ducts, you calculate the weight …2. Calculator of different ventilation parameters, with which will be able to obtain the diameter, the air speed, the airflow and the dynamic pressure of your installation. 3. Pressure drop calculation tool for installations with …The Duct Sizing Calculator is a hand held sliding calculator used for sizing supply and return duct systems using the equal friction, or velocity reduction design method. Front of calculator includes scales for friction, velocity, round duct size, weight per linear foot of round duct, surface area in square feet per lineal foot of round duct ...To adequately calculate the speed of air in ducts, we have to primarily calculate the cross-section of the duct. Shape-wise, ducts can be: Round. The area of round flex ducts is calculated as π*R 2 where R is the radius of the duct. Example: 10-inch round duct has a radius of 5 inches. Duct Calculator EliteTM is an industry leading tool designed to simplify the job of duct sizing for HVAC professionals. This app allows users to calculate duct size, velocity, pressure drop, and flow rate for ductwork . Duct Calculator EliteTM features a highly intuitive interface which allows users to easily enter values with precision ... Ducting Calculators and Air Volume Converter. Nordfab can offer technical assistance with determining whether our ducting is best for your application and with designing duct installations. Please contact us with your requirements. Input CFM Input Velocity (FPM) Ideal Round Duct Diameter Duct Friction in Straight Duct. Calculate. The equivalent diameter is the diameter of a circular duct or pipe that gives the same pressure loss as an equivalent rectangular duct or pipe.. The table below can be used to compare equivalent diameters for rectangular and round circular ducts. The table is based on the ducts friction loss formula.. The rectangular dimensions and the air flow volume …ρ = 999.7 kg/m³. Find the dynamic viscosity: µ = 0.001308 kg/ (m · s) Compute the product of the density of water, the velocity of the flow, and L: ρ × u × L = 249.925 (m · s)/kg. Divide the result by the dynamic viscosity to find the Reynolds number: ReD = 249.925/0.001308 = 191,074 The flow is likely turbulent.FPM. Max. Static Loss/100ft: InWg. Free online ductulator for sizing of HVAC ducts.Enter 6" into the Duct Height (Optional) field. The results table show a 10"x6" duct. This calculator can also be used to simply convert round to rectangular or vice versa. It is unnecessary to consider the duct material, length, or air volume since it is just a physical, geometric calculation. Assume we have an 18" round duct. Ducting Calculators and Air Volume Converter. Nordfab can offer technical assistance with determining whether our ducting is best for your application and with designing duct installations. Please contact us with your requirements. Input CFM Input Velocity (FPM) Ideal Round Duct Diameter Duct Friction in Straight Duct. Calculate. The Ductulator - Duct Sizing Calculator is a hand held rotating calculator used for sizing supply and return duct systems using the equal friction design method. This accurate, easy-to-use duct size calculator includes scales for friction loss per unit length, air volume, air velocity, round duct diameter and rectangular duct diameters.Dec 3, 2023 · The Duct Pressure Loss Calculator is an essential tool used to estimate the pressure drop or loss that occurs within a duct system due to various factors such as friction, length, diameter, velocity of airflow, and gravity. Its primary function is to calculate the pressure loss (ΔP) occurring in the duct, offering insights into the system’s ... About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright ...CFM (10×12 Duct, 500 FPM) = 500 FPM × 10 Inches × 12 Inches / 144 = 416.67 CFM. We can see that the 10×12 duct generates 416.67 CFM of airflow at 500 FPM air speed. Now, we did a huge amount of calculations for these rectangular ducts at 1 FPM, 500 FPM, and 2000 FPM, and gathered all the results in this feet per minute to cubic feet per ...The Ductulator - Duct Sizing Calculator is a hand held rotating calculator used for sizing supply and return duct systems using the equal friction design method. Includes scales for friction loss per unit length, air volume, air velocity, round duct diameter, and rectangular duct diameters. One side uses English units, the other side uses ...Duct Calculator - CDI Curbs. Air Duct Calculator. Flexible Duct Friction Loss Calculator. 1. Enter Friction Loss Per 100' of duct (inches of water), Duct Airflow (CFM), Duct Length …The friction loss in a 20 inches duct with air flow 4000 cfm can be estimated to approximately 0.23 inches water per 100 feet duct as shown in the diagram above. The air velocity can be estimated to approximately 1850 feet per minute. A major friction loss diagram for air ducts - Imperial units ranging <i>10 - 100 000 cfm</i>.Get free shipping on qualified Ducting & Venting products or Buy Online Pick Up in Store today in the ... resistant, 4-ply aluminum foil laminate that encapsulates a high density, corrosion resistant wire helix. This forms an air tight and easy to use air duct. View Product. Explore More on homedepot.com. Doors & Windows. 1 Panel 36 x 79 ...Calculate velocities in circular and rectangular ducts - imperial and SI-units - online calculator. Ducts or Pipes through Steel Joists - Maximum Sizes. Maximum sizes of …At А+ AIR SERVICES Cleaning, our excellent customer service has earned us loyal customers throughout our 20 years in business. With a wide range of services, we are experienced at mold remediation, ductwork installation, cleaning kitchen exhaust systems, air ducts, dryer vent and chimney, as well as taking on corporate and commercial …Nov 11, 2023 · The Duct Area Calculator is a powerful tool designed to help individuals and professionals in the HVAC industry determine the cross-sectional area of rectangular and circular ducts. This essential calculation aids in optimizing airflow, ensuring efficient ventilation systems, and maintaining optimal indoor air quality. Air duct cleaning redefines home health. Eliminating dirt, dust and microbial growth from your ductwork can improve indoor air quality while maintaining a cleaner home and increasing HVAC efficiency. Clean ducts mean less dirt in your home and air because ductwork is often the source and pathway for dust and biological contaminants. Sheet Metal Duct Friction Loss Calculator. 1. Enter Duct Airflow (CFM), Duct Velocity (FPM), Duct Length and the number of bends. 2. Read Round Duct Diameter (inches) and Friction Loss Per 100' of duct (inches of water). 1. Enter Friction Loss Per 100' of duct (inches of water), Duct Airflow (CFM), Duct Length and the number of bends. Duct Calculator - CDI Curbs. Air Duct Calculator. Flexible Duct Friction Loss Calculator. 1. Enter Friction Loss Per 100' of duct (inches of water), Duct Airflow (CFM), Duct Length …October 9, 2023 by GEGCalculators. The size of a return air duct should generally be based on the HVAC system’s capacity. A common rule of thumb is to aim for approximately 400-450 CFM (cubic feet per minute) of airflow per ton of HVAC capacity. For example, a 2-ton system might require a return duct with a size of around 16 inches in diameter.The head loss calculator below is based on formula (1) : Air Volume Flow - q - (cfm) Equivalent duct diameter - d e - (inches) Duct Length - (feet) Equivalent Diameter - …TO CALCULATE DUCT SIZE: Enter Air Quantity (Flow Rate) Enter either Friction Loss or Velocity. The software will automatically detect the calculation method; Click Calculate …Highlights. Your air ducts deliver cool and hot air throughout your home. There are sheet metal, fiberglass-lined, fiberboard, and flexible ducts. Some signs you need a cleaning include dirty vents and a pest infestation. Air duct cleaning costs $380 on average and ranges between $270 to $490.V = 0.408 Q/D 2. Components. = Air velocity inside the duct (feet/s) = Air flow rate inside the duct (GPM) = Air flow rate inside the duct (inches) Metric Equation. Determine the following formula, which can be used to calculate the air duct velocity: V … Free HVAC Duct Sizing - in SI/Metric or US/Imperial units. Welcome to CalcuDUCT - the quick and easy way to size ducts for any HVAC application. The Duct Area Calculator is a powerful tool designed to help individuals and professionals in the HVAC industry determine the cross-sectional area of rectangular and circular ducts. This essential calculation aids in optimizing airflow, ensuring efficient ventilation systems, and maintaining optimal indoor air quality.Duct type: Metal Ductboard Flex Size by: Friction rate Velocity Friction Rate: per 100 ft. in/wg Duct TEL : ft. * include fittings in the Duct TEL Enter either: CFM: or Duct Size: …Calculate the equivalent size of spiral ducting when you have only been given the rectangular duct dimension (it works the other way also) ... Mechanical Air Supplies Ltd is a company registered in England & Wales. Co. Number 2711708 | VAT No. : 608 9556 06.Duct work attenuation. Calculate the attenuation in unlined and lined ducts. Note that the table and diagrams list the attenuation in dB/m. 13. ... The speed and attenuation of sound in moist air varies with sound frequency and air humidity. Sound Attenuation - …The ASHRAE Duct Fitting Database (DFDB) app allows you to perform pressure loss calculations for all 200+ ASHRAE duct fittings in both I-P and SI units. Use this mobile app in the field for quick duct pressure loss calculations. The inputs can be adjusted by touch, and installation is automatic. Available via iTunes®, the app is now universal ...Air Duct Elbow Loss. Calculation of pressure loss in elbows on ventilation ducts. Fill in the form below. Wid. (W)/Heig. (H) Calculation of local losses in elbows in ventilation ducts. Formula. The formula for air duct sizing involves the calculation of air velocity (V) and duct cross-sectional area (A) to determine the air volume flow rate (Q), expressed in cubic feet per minute (CFM). Q = A × V. This equation comes from the principle of continuity in fluid mechanics which states that for incompressible flow, the product of ... Similar Apps to Air Duct Calculator IWA 42 006. The Air Duct Calculator App shows a slide chart that affords the configuration of rectangular, circular and oval air ducts in a minimum of time ...HVAC Ductwork Sizing Calculator. On this page: How to size your HVAC ductwork? Understanding measurement units for ducts. Using Modernize's HVAC and …The Ductulator - Duct Sizing Calculator is a hand held rotating calculator used for sizing supply and return duct systems using the equal friction design method. This accurate, easy-to-use duct size calculator includes scales for friction loss per unit length, air volume, air velocity, round duct diameter and rectangular duct diameters.DUCTULATOR. Sizing air ducts is essential task for HVAC Engineers, it requires quick tool to aid HVAC designer to determine air duct dimensions while drafting AC layouts. DUCTULATOR Software, uses two methods to size air ducts based on velocity or static regain method, taking into account the air properties at given temperature and elevation ...Mar 25, 2024 · The ductulator calculator is a specialized tool used in the HVAC industry to determine the most efficient duct sizes for air distribution within a space. It helps calculate the perfect balance between duct size, air velocity, and airflow, ensuring the HVAC system operates at peak efficiency. This balance is crucial for maintaining comfortable ... This calculation Excel program makes it possible to carry out the calculation of the pressure losses on the duct works and air distribution systems. Download Duct Friction Loss Excel Calculator: Fan static head is calculated according to the duct friction loss. the more the value of friction loss is the more the static head of …Dec 3, 2023 · The Duct Pressure Loss Calculator is an essential tool used to estimate the pressure drop or loss that occurs within a duct system due to various factors such as friction, length, diameter, velocity of airflow, and gravity. Its primary function is to calculate the pressure loss (ΔP) occurring in the duct, offering insights into the system’s ... Apr 6, 2024 · The Duct Size Calculator is a quick reference tool for approximating duct size and equivalent sizes of sheet-metal duct and flexible duct. A new duct-sizing calculator from ASHRAE and the Air Distribution Institute (ADI) allows HVAC air-distribution-system designers to size ducts more accurately, especially flex ducts under varying amounts of ... By multiplying air velocity by the cross section area of a duct, you can determine the air volume flowing past a point in the duct per unit of time. Volume flow is usually measured …How Much Does an HVAC Replacement Cost in 2024? Average Cost Range: $6,465 - $11,877. Use the calculator below for a more accurate local estimate. Use Modernize's 2024 cost calculator to get accurate HVAC replacement cost. Get local price ranges by zipcode for cooling, heating or both!Imperial Equation. Determine the following formula, which can be used to calculate the air duct velocity: V = 0.408 Q/D 2. Components. = Air velocity inside the duct (feet/s) = Air …Free HVAC Duct Sizing - in SI/Metric or US/Imperial units. Welcome to CalcuDUCT - the quick and easy way to size ducts for any HVAC application. Rectangular sheet metal duct = .07" on most metal duct calculators. 2900. 40x12. 100 31/2 x14 2200 38x10 220 31/2 x30 2350 40x10. Rectangular sheet metal duct = .07" on most metal duct calculators. 3050. 42x12. The Duct Sizing Calculator is a hand held sliding calculator used for sizing supply and return duct systems using the equal friction, or velocity reduction design method. Front of calculator includes scales for friction, velocity, round duct size, weight per linear foot of round duct, surface area in square feet per lineal foot of round duct ...

Duct thickness. Refers to the thickness of the goods on the actual duct. Duct density. Refers to the density of the material from which the duct is made. Duct weight. Refers to the weight of the current duct per meter. Media density. Refers to the density of the medium flowing through the actual duct. Set to air in the initial position. Media .... Translate english to burmese language

air duct calculator

While air duct cleaning and repair lengthens its life span, ductwork typically needs major replacement every 15 years to work properly. The national average cost for full ductwork replacement is $1,450–$8,000; however, the cost can range anywhere from $250–$12,000 depending on home size, system accessibility, and materials used.Perfect for one time or a limited number of HVAC projects. Includes residential load calculator, plus duct sizing, equipment selection and cost analysis software for one low price This software includes all the features and capabilities of the permanent version, however it will expire on your computer 60 days after purchase. Only $49.Calculation Method. Static Pressure Loss [inW/100ft] Air Flow [CFM] 3000 FPM. Round Duct Air Velocity. Infinity FPM. Rectangular Duct Air Velocity. 0.00049 Absolute Roughness [Foot] 14.42. The Digitized Ductulator is a free online calculator for sizing HVAC ducts. Use it in one of two ways; either enter the duct size to find the equivalent CFM, or input the CFM to find the right size of rectangular, round or flex duct. Click here to use the Ductulator. Use the right size duct. Duct that's too big, or too small can cause problems ... The circuit of the cold air ducts is calculated for 100% of the necessary flow. On the other hand, for the hot air ducts, one admits 50% to 75% of the cold air flow according to thermal loads. The variation between the temperature of the buildings in summer and the air in the cold air duct is 50 to 55.5 °F (10 to 13°C).Air Duct Calculator. Double-sided. Side 1 = standard ducloator with calculations for both round and rectangular duct. Side 2 = Continental vs competitive cross reference for some common GRDs and a Grille sizing chart. Qty 25/package.JP Lamborn Co. ( JPL ) began producing flexible air ducts in 1961. Today the company operates four state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities and is the largest family-owned flexible air duct manufacturer in North America. JPL’s core values of manufacturing high-quality products, providing excellent service, innovation, and strong business ... Purchase ADI Ductulator. The ADI - Air Distribution Institute, was formed in 1947 to promote the use of fabricated steel duct pipe and fittings for air distribution products. Today the alliance of ADI member companies produce steel duct pipe and fittings designed to efficiently deliver conditioned air in your home and office. A simple volume unit converter to convert air flow volumes from ... Calculate the equivalent size of spiral ducting when you have only been given the rectangular duct dimension (it works the other way also) Open the ES Calculator. System Pressure Calculator. The System Pressure Calculator helps you work out the resistance in pascals that ... Enter the air flowrate in litres/second (can change to cubic metres/second by use of drop-down to the right of the input) Enter an internal duct diameter (this can be any number, it doesn’t need to be standard duct size) To get an idea of the equivalent rectangular duct size, adjust the aspect ratio. Note that only aspect ratio up to 5:1 are ... Aug 21, 2023 · Cleaning helps not only remove them, but may also remove blockages that can help make your system run more efficiently. Keep reading to learn more about the cost of duct cleaning services. 2024 Duct Cleaning Costs. Calculate local project costs by entering your zip code. Typical Price Range. $ 450 - $ 1,000. Aug 21, 2023 · Cleaning helps not only remove them, but may also remove blockages that can help make your system run more efficiently. Keep reading to learn more about the cost of duct cleaning services. 2024 Duct Cleaning Costs. Calculate local project costs by entering your zip code. Typical Price Range. $ 450 - $ 1,000. .

Popular Topics